| نام
|
مستمر یا منقطع
|
Frequency/Pitch
|
دم یا بازدم
|
کیفیت
|
وضعیت همراه
|
مثال
|
|
خسخس سینه (ویز یا رونکای)
|
مداوم
|
high (wheeze) or lower (rhonchi)
|
expiratory or inspiratory
|
whistling/sibilant, musical
|
Caused by narrowing of airways, such as in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, foreign body.
|
|
|
استریدور
|
مداوم
|
high
|
either, mostly inspiratory
|
whistling/sibilant, musical
|
epiglottitis, foreign body, laryngeal oedema, croup
|
|
|
سیاهسرفه
|
مداوم
|
high
|
inspiratory
|
whoop
|
pertussis (whooping cough)
|
not available
|
|
کراکل (aka crepitations or rales)
|
غیرمداوم
|
high (fine) or low (coarse), nonmusical
|
inspiratory
|
cracking/clicking/rattling
|
pneumonia, congestive heart failure
|
|
|
Pleural friction rub
|
مداوم
|
low
|
inspiratory and expiratory
|
nonmusical, many repeated rhythmic sounds
|
inflammation of lung linings, lung tumors
|
not available
|
|
Hamman's sign (or Mediastinal crunch)
|
غیرمداوم
|
|
neither (heartbeat)
|
crunching, rasping
|
pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium
|
not available
|
